Birds
 

Under construction.

What causes pain in birds?

Under construction.

What are some treatments for pain in birds?

Under construction.

____________________________________________

Articles for avian pain management:

Machin, KL,"Avian Pain: Physiology and Evaluation" , Compendium, Feb 2005;98-180.

Machin, KL, "Avian Analgesia", Seminars in Avain and Exotic Pet Medicine, vol 14 No 4 (Oct) 2005:pp236-242.